Introducing 12 Amazing Big 3D Printers for 2023, a comprehensive guide that explores the latest advancements in the world of 3D printing technology. In this article, we will delve into the world of big 3D printers and unveil some of the most impressive models set to revolutionize the industry in the coming year. Whether you are a hobbyist, a professional designer, or an architect, these cutting-edge 3D printers are sure to take your creations to new heights. Stay tuned as we uncover the remarkable features, exceptional capabilities, and endless possibilities that these big 3D printers have to offer.
Overall Score: 7.8/10
The Anycubic Kobra Max 3D Printer is a large 3D printer with auto leveling pre-installed, stronger construction, and higher precision. With a large build volume of 17.7 x 15.7 x 15.7 inches, this printer provides ample space for daily and household use. It features Anycubic LeviQ Leveling Function, which offers smart and precise calibration for even heating bed compensation. The printer has a maximum printing speed of 180mm/s, allowing for faster printing and an enhanced user experience. Its double thread Z-axis moving construction minimizes shaking and ensures detailed model restoration. The filament runout detection feature automatically stops printing when the filament supply is low. Additionally, the printer boasts a 4.3-inch full-colored LCD touchscreen for easy navigation. Overall, the Anycubic Kobra Max 3D Printer combines size, precision, and user-friendly features for an enjoyable printing experience.
Key Features
- Large build size of 17.7 x 15.7 x 15.7 inches
- Upgraded auto leveling function with 25-point calibration
- Maximum printing speed of 180mm/s
- Double thread Z-axis moving construction for stability
- Filament runout detection feature
- 4.3-inch full-colored LCD touchscreen
- 100% satisfaction service
Specifications
- Color: Anycubic Kobra Max
- Dimension: 28.35Lx28.15Wx26.18H
- Size: Anycubic kobra max
Pros
- Large build volume for more creative options
- Auto leveling for easy calibration
- Fast printing speed for efficient workflow
- Sturdy construction for enhanced precision
- Filament runout detection prevents printing interruptions
- User-friendly touchscreen interface
- Lifetime technical support and professional customer service
Cons
- Initial setup issues reported
- Limited manual leveling options
- Outdated SD card and USB port technology
- Old version of slicing software provided
- Voltage setting error for US customers
- Some users experienced errors and issues
The Anycubic Kobra Max 3D Printer offers a great combination of size, precision, and user-friendly features. With its large build volume and fast printing speed, it provides ample space and efficient workflow for creative endeavors. The auto leveling function ensures easy calibration, while the filament runout detection prevents interruptions in printing progress. The printer’s sturdy construction and double thread Z-axis moving design contribute to higher precision and detailed model restoration. However, there have been some reported issues with the initial setup, limited manual options for leveling, outdated technology with the SD card and USB port, and errors in voltage settings for US customers. Despite these drawbacks, the Kobra Max is a solid choice for users seeking a reliable and user-friendly 3D printer.
Overall Score: 8/10
The Voxelab 3D Printer Aquila X3 Max is a large and user-friendly 3D printer that is perfect for beginners. With its spacious build volume of 15.7" x 15.7" x 15.7", it allows for larger printing projects and more creative possibilities. The printer features a 25-point auto-leveling system, which makes achieving smooth first-layer printing easy and efficient. It also doubles the printing speed, saving significant time. The Aquila X3 Max has a filament run-out detection feature that pauses printing and sends a notification when there is a depletion or breakage. The printer has open-source hardware and firmware, allowing for modification and upgrades. It comes with a one-year warranty and lifetime technical assistance. Overall, the Voxelab 3D Printer Aquila X3 Max is a reliable and user-friendly option for beginners and DIY enthusiasts.
Key Features
- Large build volume of 15.7" x 15.7" x 15.7"
- 25-point auto-leveling system
- Double printing speed
- Filament run-out detection
- Open-source hardware and firmware
Specifications
- Color: Aquila X3 Max
- Dimension: 15.74Lx15.74Wx15.74H
- Size: Aquila X3 Max
Pros
- Generous build volume for larger printing projects
- Easy-to-use with auto-leveling system
- Faster printing speed for enhanced efficiency
- Filament run-out detection prevents printing issues
- Open-source hardware and firmware for customization
- One-year warranty and lifetime technical assistance
Cons
- Loud fans
- Chinese display options
- Potential need for upgrades for reliability and safety
The Voxelab 3D Printer Aquila X3 Max is an excellent choice for beginners and DIY enthusiasts. Its large build volume and user-friendly features make it perfect for various creative projects. The auto-leveling system and faster printing speed ensure smooth and efficient printing. The filament run-out detection feature adds convenience and prevents interruptions. While it may require some upgrades for reliability and safety, the open-source hardware and firmware allow for customization. Overall, this printer provides good print quality and offers excellent value for its price. With the added warranty and lifetime technical assistance, the Voxelab 3D Printer Aquila X3 Max is a reliable and enjoyable option for those interested in 3D printing.
Overall Score: 7.5/10
The XYZPrinting Da Vinci Mini Wireless 3D Printer is a fully open-source 3D printer that offers a printing size of 6'x6'x6', with the option to upgrade and print Metallic/Carbon PLA. It features impressive accuracy and speed, with a consistent 200 micron printing resolution and fast nozzle heating time. The printer requires no assembly and comes with a user-friendly interface, making it perfect for beginners. XYZPrinting also provides excellent customer service for any questions or concerns. The printer has a black and red color option and dimensions of 19.69Lx19.69Wx11.02H.
Key Features
- Printing size: 6'x6'x6'
- Fully open-source
- 200 micron printing resolution
- Fast nozzle heating time
- No assembly required
- User-friendly interface
- Excellent customer service
Specifications
- Color: Black/Red
- Dimension: 19.69Lx19.69Wx11.02H
- Size: Black
Pros
- Fast printing speed with accuracy
- Quick heating of the nozzle
- Wide printing dimension
- Easy setup and user-friendly interface
- Excellent customer service
Cons
- Limited to using XYZ filament
- Proprietary filament can be more expensive
The XYZPrinting Da Vinci Mini Wireless 3D Printer is a great option for beginners and hobbyists looking for an affordable and easy-to-use 3D printer. Despite some limitations like the requirement of XYZ filament, the printer offers fast printing speed, accurate results, and a user-friendly interface. The wide printing dimension allows for the creation of various objects, and the excellent customer service provided by XYZPrinting ensures a smooth experience. With a decent rating of 3.7/5 from customers, this printer is sure to satisfy those looking to explore the world of 3D printing.
Overall Score: 5.6/10
The HE3D K280 Delta DIY 3D Printer Kit is a large format printer with a printing size of 280X600mm. It comes with a high-quality 24V power supply that allows for a fast heating bed up to 110 degrees. The printer supports various printing materials and is suitable for beginners and experts alike. It also features Z-probe auto-leveling for easy calibration. The kit is easy to build and provides the opportunity to print large models. However, customer reviews indicate that the kit may have missing parts and poor instructions. Some users have encountered issues with the parts quality and directions. Overall, the HE3D K280 Delta DIY 3D Printer Kit has potential but may require additional upgrades and modifications to achieve optimal performance.
Key Features
- Large printing size 280X600mm
- High-quality 24V power supply
- Supports various printing materials
- Easy to build and suitable for beginners
- Z-probe auto-leveling
Specifications
- Color: Black
Pros
- Large printing size for big models
- Fast heating bed
- Supports various printing materials
- Suitable for beginners and experts
- Z-probe auto-leveling for easy calibration
Cons
- Missing parts and poor instructions
- Potential issues with parts quality and directions
- No power supply ground or switch
- May require additional upgrades and modifications
The HE3D K280 Delta DIY 3D Printer Kit offers a large printing size and supports various materials, making it suitable for both beginners and experts. However, it has some drawbacks such as missing parts, poor instructions, and potential issues with parts quality. The kit may require additional upgrades and modifications to achieve optimal performance. Overall, it can be a good project for those who enjoy tinkering and building, but may not be the best choice for those looking for a printer that works out of the box. With some additional effort and investment, the HE3D K280 Delta DIY 3D Printer Kit can become a capable and versatile printer.
Overall Score: 8/10
The Official Creality Ender 3 3D Printer is a fully open-source printer that offers a range of impressive features. With its resume printing function, it allows you to continue printing even after power outages or lapses. The printer is also easy and quick to assemble, with only about 2 hours needed to assemble the parts. Its advanced extruder technology reduces the risk of plugging and bad extrusion, ensuring smooth and durable printing. The safety protected power supply heats the bed to 110 degrees in just 5 minutes. The printer undergoes strict testing before delivery and offers lifetime technical support. With a rating of 4.3/5, it has received positive reviews from users.
Key Features
- Resume Printing Function
- Easy and Quick Assembly
- Advanced Extruder Technology
- Safety Protected Power Supply
- Strict Test
Specifications
- Dimension: 16.14Lx16.54Wx18.31H
Pros
- Ability to resume printing after power outages or lapses
- Easy and quick assembly
- Reduced plugging risk and smooth extrusion
- Fast heating bed
- Strictly tested and lifetime technical support
Cons
- Minor flaws reported
- Mixed reviews on the overall performance
The Official Creality Ender 3 3D Printer offers an impressive range of features and performance at an affordable price. Its resume printing function ensures that you can continue printing without losing progress in case of power interruptions. The easy and quick assembly process makes it convenient for both beginners and experienced users. With its advanced extruder technology and strict testing, it delivers smooth and durable printing results. Although there have been some minor flaws reported and mixed reviews, the printer still provides great value for money. Overall, the Ender 3 is a reliable and versatile 3D printer for various printing needs.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
The Official Creality Ender 3 Max Neo 3D Printer is a large, all-metal 3D printer that offers creative freedom and easy setup. With a build volume of 300 x 300 x 320mm, you can print large projects in one go. The built-in CR Touch auto-leveling kit and color touch screen with rotary knob make it user-friendly for beginners. The printer comes with improved features such as dual Z-axis, belt tensioner, silent TMC2208 board, and filament run-out sensor for a better printing experience. The dual fan cooling system ensures better heat dissipation and faster printing speed. Overall, it is a great 3D printer for DIY home and school projects.
Key Features
- Achieve Creative Freedom
- Easy Setup
- Improved Experience
- Enhanced Stability
- Dual Fan Cooling
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Dimension: 22.91Lx20.32Wx23.23H
- Size: Ender 3 Max Neo
Pros
- Large build volume for printing big projects
- User-friendly with auto-leveling and color touch screen
- Improved features for better printing experience
- Faster printing speed with dual fan cooling
- Low maintenance required
Cons
- Textured side of the glass build plate can be difficult to remove prints from
- Slow bed heat-up time
- May require manual calibrations and upgrades for optimal performance
The Official Creality Ender 3 Max Neo 3D Printer is a solid choice for both beginners and experienced users. It offers a large build volume, easy setup, and improved features for better printing quality. While it may have some minor drawbacks like the textured build plate and slower bed heat-up time, overall it provides great value for its price. Whether you’re a DIY enthusiast or a student, this printer is capable of handling various projects. With its user-friendly interface and low maintenance requirements, it allows users to focus on their creative endeavors rather than troubleshooting technical issues. If you’re looking for an affordable and reliable 3D printer, the Ender 3 Max Neo is definitely worth considering.
Overall Score: 9/10
The R QIDI TECHNOLOGY MAX3 3D Printer is an all-around high-speed printer with a large printing size. It features a fully assembled and auto leveling design, making it easy to use right out of the box. The printer has a stable and long-term usage with its ultra-stable all-metal frame and durable components. It is compatible with various high-performance materials for versatile printing options. With its enclosed chamber heating system and dual cooling fans, it ensures exceptional printing quality and precision. The printer also comes with open-source firmware and software for easy remote control and customization. Overall, the R QIDI TECHNOLOGY MAX3 3D Printer is a reliable and powerful machine for professionals and enthusiasts alike.
Key Features
- Upgrade maximum speed of 600mm/s and 20000mm/s² acceleration
- 325325315mm printing size
- Fully assembled and auto leveling
- Stable all-metal frame for long-term usage
- High performance materials compatibility
- Enclosed chamber heating system and dual cooling fans
- Open-source firmware and software for customization
- Free one-year warranty and lifetime technical assistance
Specifications
- Dimension: 21.77Lx21.77Wx23.66H
- Size: Max3
Pros
- Fast and high-precision printing
- Supports a wide range of materials
- Exceptional customer service and support
- Easy to use and customize
Cons
- Filament holder in the back of the machine is hard to access
- X-axis needs regular lubrication
The R QIDI TECHNOLOGY MAX3 3D Printer is an outstanding machine with impressive speed, precision, and versatility. It delivers exceptional print quality and is compatible with a wide range of materials. The customer service and technical support provided by QIDI Tech are top-notch. While the filament holder placement and the need for regular lubrication may be minor inconveniences, they don’t overshadow the overall performance and capabilities of this printer. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced user, the MAX3 is a reliable and powerful choice for all your 3D printing needs.
Overall Score: 8.2/10
The Creality Ender 3 Max Neo 3D Printer offers a large printing size of 11.8×11.8×12.6inch, making it perfect for printing large-size models or multiple small parts simultaneously. It features dual Z-axes for increased stability, ensuring steady motion and high-quality printing. The printer is equipped with CR Touch for auto efficient leveling, making the leveling process easier. Its safety features include a built-in power supply and resume printing function for power failure situations. With easy assembly in just 3 steps, this printer is perfect for beginners. It also comes with a 12-month after-sales service and has received positive customer reviews for its performance and print quality.
Key Features
- Large Printing Szie
- Ultra-stability
- Auto Efficient Leveling
- Safety Priority
- 3 Steps Assembly
- Quality Guarantee
Specifications
- Color: Ender 3 Max Neo
- Dimension: 20.30Lx23.20Wx22.90H
Pros
- Large print size
- Stable motion and high-quality printing
- Easy auto leveling
- Built-in power supply for safety
- Easy assembly in 3 steps
- 12-month after-sales service
Cons
- Filament run-out sensor can be fiddly
- Average noise level
The Creality Ender 3 Max Neo 3D Printer offers a large build volume and great printing performance at an affordable price. With its easy assembly process and auto leveling feature, it is suitable for beginners. The printer delivers stable motion and high-quality prints, and its built-in safety features provide peace of mind. While the filament run-out sensor could be improved and the noise level is average, overall, this printer is a solid choice for anyone looking to explore 3D printing. With positive customer reviews and a supportive user community, the Creality Ender 3 Max Neo is a reliable option for both kids and beginners in the world of 3D printing.
Overall Score: 9/10
The R QIDI TECHNOLOGY X-PLUS3 3D Printer is a fully upgraded, high-speed printer designed for commercial use. With its Klipper firmware, CoreXY structure, and fast printing speed, it can significantly reduce printing time. The printer supports multi-material printing, with two sets of nozzles and a direct drive extruder. It also features an independent heated chamber, allowing for high-temperature printing without warping. The X-PLUS3 is equipped with a new hotend cooling system, ensuring faster and more accurate printing. It comes with a 64-bit processor, 8GB-EMMC, and 1GB DDR3 for smooth operation. Additionally, QIDI TECHNOLOGY offers excellent after-sales service and a 1-year warranty.
Key Features
- Fully upgraded design with Klipper firmware and Core XY structure
- Supports multi-material printing with different nozzle characteristics
- Independent heated chamber for high-temperature printing
- Faster and more accurate printing with a new hotend cooling system
- Highly praised after-sales service and 1-year warranty
Specifications
- Dimension: 20.75Lx20.12Wx20.83H
- Size: Plus3
Pros
- Fast printing speed and reduced printing time
- Supports a variety of printing filaments
- High-temperature printing without warping
- Improved cooling system for better print quality
- Excellent after-sales service and warranty
Cons
- Issues with connecting to Wi-Fi
- Some users find the Bowden tube setup inconvenient
The R QIDI TECHNOLOGY X-PLUS3 3D Printer is a top-notch printer for both professional and novice users. Its upgraded features, fast printing speed, and support for various printing filaments make it a versatile choice. The independent heated chamber allows for high-temperature printing without warping, ensuring high-quality prints. The printer’s excellent after-sales service and 1-year warranty are also commendable. However, some users may encounter difficulties with connecting to Wi-Fi, and the Bowden tube setup may not be preferred by everyone. Overall, the X-PLUS3 is a reliable and efficient 3D printer that delivers impressive results.
Overall Score: 7.5/10
The Creality K1 Max 3D Printer is a high-speed printer designed for professionals and beginners. With a maximum speed of 600mm/s and a large printing size of 11.8×11.8×11.8in, this printer offers efficiency and versatility. It features smart AI lidar and camera functions for real-time monitoring and precise leveling. The K1 Max is also an out-of-the-box printer that comes pre-assembled and calibrated, allowing users to start printing right away without any hassle. Additional key features include dual cooling, 32mm³/s flow, and auto leveling. While some users have reported issues with software updates and limited settings, overall, the printer has received positive reviews for its speed, print quality, and ease of use.
Key Features
- 600MM/S high-Speed printing
- 11.8×11.8×11.8in LARGE PRINTING SIZE
- Smart ai lidar & Camera
- OUT-of-THE-BOX
- 32mm³/s FLOW & DUAL COOLING
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Dimension: 17.12Lx20.70Wx18.18H
- Size: K1 Max
Pros
- Fast printing speed
- Large printing size
- Smart AI lidar and camera functions
- Out-of-the-box setup
- Dual cooling system
Cons
- Issues with software updates
- Limited settings in slicer software
- Some users experienced problems with components
Overall, the Creality K1 Max 3D Printer offers impressive speed, a large printing size, and convenient out-of-the-box setup. It is suitable for both professionals and beginners looking for a reliable 3D printer. While there have been some reported issues with software updates and limited settings, the printer has received positive reviews for its fast printing speed, decent print quality, and ease of use. With its various features and capabilities, the K1 Max is a good choice for those looking to enhance their 3D printing experience.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
The ELEGOO Neptune 4 3D Printer is a high-speed FDM printer designed for beginners. With its Klipper Firmware and dual-gear direct extruder, it offers lightning-fast printing speed and reliable printing quality. The printer has a large build volume of 8.85×8.85×10.43 inches and can handle a wide range of materials, including PLA, PETG, ABS, TPU, and high-temperature filaments. It features 11×11 auto bed leveling for quick and accurate leveling and easy assembly for beginners. The ELEGOO Neptune 4 is a versatile and powerful 3D printer that delivers both speed and quality for your printing needs.
Key Features
- 500mm/s Lightning-Fast Speed
- Reliable Printing Quality
- Dual-Gear Direct Extruder
- 300°C High-temp Nozzle
- 11×11 Auto Bed Leveling
Specifications
- Dimension: 17.50Lx18.70Wx20.30H
- Size: Neptune 4
Pros
- High printing speed for quick production
- Dual-gear direct drive extruder for smoother filament feeding
- Handles a wide range of materials
- Quick and accurate auto bed leveling
- Easy assembly for beginners
Cons
- Issues with fan noise
- Belt on the bed can wear out quickly
- Firmware issues for some users
- Lack of community support and configuration info
The ELEGOO Neptune 4 3D Printer offers impressive speed and reliable quality for beginners. It has a large build volume and can handle various materials, making it versatile for different printing projects. While it may have some issues with fan noise and belt durability, overall, it delivers great value for its price. The easy assembly and auto bed leveling feature make it user-friendly for beginners, although some users may experience firmware issues. With further community support and configuration info, this printer has the potential to become an even better choice for those interested in learning Klipper firmware.
Overall Score: 9/10
The Fully Assembled Mini 3D Printer is the perfect solution for kids and beginners who want to dive into the world of 3D printing. This complete starter kit includes everything you need to get started, including a mini printer, PLA filament, a microSD card with pre-installed model designs and splicing software, and more. The printer is fully assembled and ready to use right out of the box, making it convenient and user-friendly. It features easy auto leveling and a dual z-axis rail for high-precision prints, as well as one-touch filament loading for hassle-free operation. The printer is compatible with MAC, Windows, and Linux, and supports a variety of slicing software. With its compact size and lightweight design, this printer is perfect for home use, classrooms, and dorms. Get ready to unleash your creativity with this easy-to-use 3D printer!
Key Features
- Complete starter kit with all necessary accessories
- Fully assembled printer for easy setup
- Auto leveling and dual z-axis rail for precision
- One-touch filament loading for convenience
- Compatible with MAC, Windows, and Linux
- Supports a variety of slicing software
- Compact size and lightweight design for portability
Specifications
- Color: Green
- Dimension: 8.30Lx8.30Wx11.40H
- Size: Compact
Pros
- Includes all necessary accessories
- Ready to use out of the box
- Easy auto leveling for beginners
- One-touch filament loading for convenience
- Compatible with multiple operating systems
- Supports various slicing software
- Compact and lightweight design
Cons
- Limited bed size restricts printing options
- Some parts on the model may have printing issues
- Filament provided may not last long
The Fully Assembled Mini 3D Printer is an excellent choice for kids and beginners who want to explore the world of 3D printing. With its complete starter kit and user-friendly features, this printer makes it easy to bring your imagination to life. The printer’s auto leveling and one-touch filament loading add convenience and simplify the printing process. It is compatible with multiple operating systems and supports various slicing software, giving users flexibility in their printing options. While the bed size may limit some larger projects, this printer is perfect for creating small toys and learning the basics of 3D printing. Overall, it offers great value for its price and is sure to impress both kids and adults alike.
Buyer's Guide: Finding the Perfect Big 3D Printer
So you've decided to take your passion for 3D printing to the next level and invest in a big 3D printer? Congratulations, you're about to embark on a thrilling journey of creating large and intricate prints! To help you make an informed decision, we've put together this comprehensive buyer's guide to assist you in finding the perfect big 3D printer for your needs. Let's dive right in!
Key Factors to Consider
When choosing a big 3D printer, consider the following factors to ensure a seamless printing experience:
1. Build Volume
- Size matters: Determine the maximum size of the prints you wish to create to ensure the printer can accommodate your needs.
- Room for growth: Consider a printer with a slightly larger build volume than your immediate requirements, allowing you to explore larger projects in the future.
2. Printing Technology
- FDM or SLA: Decide between Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Stereolithography (SLA) technology based on the quality, speed, and materials needed for your prints.
- Resin or filament compatibility: Ensure that the printer you choose is compatible with the type of resin or filament you plan to work with.
3. Print Quality and Precision
- Layer height: Look for printers that offer customizable layer heights for fine or faster prints, depending on your requirements.
- Resolution and accuracy: Consider printers with higher resolution and accuracy for intricate details and precise prints.
4. Print Speed
- Time-sensitive projects: If you're working on time-sensitive projects or require faster prints, opt for a printer with higher print speeds.
- Balancing quality and speed: Evaluate the printer's balance between speed and print quality to find the sweet spot that matches your needs.
5. Connectivity and Software
- Wired or wireless: Decide if you prefer a printer that connects to your computer via USB or offers wireless connectivity for more flexibility.
- User-friendly software: Look for printers that come with intuitive software, enabling a seamless workflow and ease of use.
6. Filament or Resin Management
- Filament diameter: Verify that the printer supports the filament diameter you intend to use (e.g., 1.75 mm or 3 mm).
- Resin compatibility: If you opt for SLA printing, ensure the printer is compatible with the specific resins you plan to work with.
7. Printer Reliability and Support
- Brand reputation: Research the reputation of the printer's manufacturer and read reviews from other users to assess reliability and customer satisfaction.
- Customer support: Look for printers that offer dependable customer support, including readily available documentation, tutorials, and active community forums.
8. Price and Budget
- Value for money: Determine your budget and compare printers based on their features, quality, and overall value for money.
- Long-term investment: Consider the lifespan of the printer and its potential for future upgrades, ensuring you make a wise long-term investment.
Frequently Asked Questions about 12 Amazing Big 3D Printer For 2023
The learning curve for operating a big 3D printer may vary depending on your previous 3D printing experience. However, with the help of user-friendly software and documentation provided by the manufacturer, most users become comfortable with the operation within a few weeks of regular use.
Yes, many big 3D printers are compatible with third-party filaments or resins. However, it is essential to check the printer’s specifications and consult the manufacturer to ensure compatibility and optimal print quality.
While big 3D printers require more power to operate due to their larger build volume, many models now offer energy-saving features. Look for printers with power-saving modes, efficient temperature control systems, and intelligent power management options to minimize energy consumption.
Yes, like any other machinery, big 3D printers require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Regular cleaning, lubrication, and calibration are essential to keep the printer running smoothly. Consult the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines for specific instructions.
Absolutely! Big 3D printers are versatile and can handle both large and small prints. In fact, their larger build volume allows you to print multiple smaller objects simultaneously, efficiently utilizing the available space.
