Introducing the 10 Best iPad 7th Generation Case With Keyboard for 2023. In today's fast-paced digital world, having a reliable and efficient keyboard case for your iPad is essential. Whether you're a student, professional, or simply enjoy using your iPad for various tasks, a keyboard case can significantly enhance your productivity and make typing a breeze. With numerous options available in the market, choosing the right one can be overwhelming. That's where our expertly curated list of the top 10 iPad 7th Generation cases with a keyboard comes in. We have meticulously researched and selected the finest keyboard cases that offer durability, convenience, and optimal functionality for the iPad 7th Generation. Stay tuned to discover the best options that perfectly complement your iPad and elevate your overall user experience.
Overall Score: 8/10
The BORIYUAN New iPad 10.2 9th 8th 7th Generation Keyboard Case is a stylish and versatile accessory that enhances your iPad experience. With its wide compatibility, detachable backlit keyboard, and multiple viewing angles, this keyboard case transforms your iPad into a laptop in seconds. The auto sleep/wake function helps to save power, and the precise cutouts ensure easy access to all ports. The package includes the keyboard case, micro USB charging cable, and user manual. It comes in a sleek black color. Overall, this keyboard case offers great convenience and protection for your iPad.
Key Features
- Wide compatibility with multiple i Pad models
- Detachable backlit Bluetooth keyboard
- Multiple viewing angles for versatile use
- Auto sleep/wake function for power-saving
- Precise cutouts for easy access to all ports
Specifications
- Color: Black
Pros
- Secure magnet attachment for keyboard
- Color light feature for enhanced visibility
- Durable case with Apple Pencil storage compartment
Cons
- Inconvenient keyboard placement during transport
- Limited flexibility in folding the keyboard
- Headphone jack misalignment
The BORIYUAN New iPad 10.2 9th 8th 7th Generation Keyboard Case is a practical and stylish choice for iPad users. While it offers excellent protection and useful features like a backlit keyboard and Apple Pencil storage, it may have some limitations in terms of keyboard placement and flexibility. If you prioritize a sturdy case and extra storage for your Apple Pencil, this keyboard case is worth considering. However, if keyboard convenience and adaptability are important to you, there may be other options to explore. Overall, this keyboard case provides great value and convenience for iPad users.
Overall Score: 8/10
The aoub Case for iPad 9th/8th/7th Generation 10.2 inch offers a versatile solution for your iPad needs. Designed specifically for iPad models from 2019 to 2021, this case features a detachable wireless Bluetooth keyboard that instantly transforms your iPad into a portable laptop. The keyboard has a scissor-cross low profile structure that enhances the typing experience, making it faster and easier to learn and work. The built-in pencil holder securely stores your Apple Pencil, reducing the likelihood of losing it. The case also offers an auto sleep/wake function, saving power and extending the battery life of your iPad. With a variety of colors available and excellent customer service, the aoub Case is a great choice for iPad users.
Key Features
- -【Compatibility】- Designed for 10.2 inch i Pad 2021 9th Generation(Model Number: A2602 A2603 A2604 A2605) & i Pad 2020 8th Generation(Model Number: A2270 A2428 A2429 A2430) & i Pad 2019 7th Generation(Model Number: A2197 A2198 A2200). Please Note: Not compatible with any other i Pad models. Please checked the model number at the back of your i Pad.
- -【Bluetooth Wireless Keyboard Case】- Magnetic compact wireless Bluetooth keyboard, easy to install and remove, can be securely attached to the case, instantly become a portable laptop. Built-in rechargeable battery, charging for 2 hours, working for more than 3 days. Keyboard design using scissor-cross low profile structure, enhance the tactility of typing, let you faster and easier to learn and work. Easily prop up your i Pad with standing position for enjoy the most comfortable flexible angles.
- -【Built-in Pencil Holder】- The built in Pencil Holder can hold your apple pencil in place tightly, conveniently store and remove your pencil. Effectively prevent falling out, reduce the likelihood of losing your pencil(Apple Pencil is Not included).
- -【Auto Sleep/ Wake Function】- The front cover of the case has built-in magnetic sheet, which ensures the auto sleep/wake function engages quickly every time. It saves power, help you extend the standby time & battery life of your device.
- -【Service Support】- Provide 30 days return and exchange service. If you have any questions, please contact us by email. AOUB customer service team is dedicated to serving you.
Specifications
- Color: 01-Light Green
- Dimension: 8.66Lx6.30Wx0.47H
Pros
- Compatible with multiple i Pad generations
- Bluetooth wireless keyboard with scissor-cross low profile structure
- Built-in pencil holder to prevent losing
- Auto sleep/wake function saves power
- 30 days return and exchange service
Cons
- Not compatible with other i Pad models
- Keyboard not needed makes positioning difficult
- Material may feel uncomfortable to some users
- Keys may not always register when pressed
The aoub Case for iPad 9th/8th/7th Generation 10.2 inch is a versatile and functional accessory that enhances the usability of your iPad. With its wireless Bluetooth keyboard, built-in pencil holder, and convenient auto sleep/wake function, it offers great value for its price. The compatibility with multiple iPad generations ensures that many users can benefit from this case. However, it’s important to note that it may not be compatible with other iPad models, and the positioning of the screen can be a bit challenging when the keyboard is not needed. Additionally, the material used for the case may not be comfortable for everyone. Overall, the aoub Case provides a convenient and stylish solution for iPad users.
Overall Score: 7.5/10
The iPad Keyboard Case for iPad 10.2 9th/8th/7th Gen offers a stylish and portable appearance with high-quality materials. Compatible with the latest iPad models, it transforms your iPad into a highly performant and easy-to-use laptop. The integrated multi-touch trackpad enhances navigation and usability, while the auto sleep/wake function and hard shell case provide protection and battery life extension. With 360-degree rotation and 180-degree flip, it offers versatile viewing options for work or entertainment. The backlit keyboard with 10 color options and Bluetooth V5.0 technology ensure a comfortable typing experience. This case also features a pencil holder for added convenience. Overall, it is a convenient and versatile accessory for your iPad.
Key Features
- I Pad Keyboard 10.2 Case with Keyboard for i Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen
- Integrated multi-touch trackpad for seamless navigation
- Auto Sleep/Wake function and hard shell case for protection
- 360-degree rotation and 180-degree flip for versatile viewing
- Backlit keyboard with 10 color options
- Pencil holder for added convenience
Specifications
- Color: A-Purple with Touch Keyboard
Pros
- Stylish and portable appearance
- Enhanced navigation and usability
- Protects and extends battery life
- Versatile viewing options
- Backlit keyboard with customizable colors
- Convenient pencil holder
Cons
- Lack of protective padding on top side
- Stiff movement and limited screen protection
- Inconsistent and sensitive trackpad
- Occasional Bluetooth disconnectivity
The iPad Keyboard Case for iPad 10.2 9th/8th/7th Gen is a convenient and versatile accessory that transforms your iPad into a highly performant and easy-to-use laptop. With its stylish design, integrated trackpad, and 360-degree rotation, it offers enhanced usability and functionality. The backlit keyboard with customizable colors adds a touch of personalization and the pencil holder is a convenient addition. However, the case lacks protective padding on the top side and the movement can be stiff. The trackpad may also exhibit inconsistency and occasional Bluetooth disconnectivity. Overall, if you’re looking for a keyboard case that provides convenience and versatility for your iPad, this product is worth considering.
Overall Score: 8/10
The GreenLaw Touch iPad 9th 8th 7th Generation Case with Keyboard is a versatile and stylish accessory that enhances your iPad experience. Designed for multiple iPad models, this case features a stain-resistant cover that can be easily cleaned. The dual Bluetooth channels allow you to connect two devices simultaneously, and the 7-color backlit keyboard adds a touch of style to your typing. The smart trackpad enables easy navigation, and the upper pencil slot provides a convenient storage solution for your Apple Pencil. The detachable design offers flexible viewing angles, making it suitable for both leisure and office use. With its compatibility, versatility, and style, the GreenLaw Touch iPad Case with Keyboard is a great addition to your iPad setup.
Key Features
- Compatibility with multiple i Pad models
- Stain-resistant case for easy cleaning
- Dual Bluetooth channels for multi-device connection
- 7-color backlit keyboard for stylish typing
- Smart trackpad for easy navigation
- Upper pencil slot for Apple Pencil storage
- Detachable design with adjustable viewing angles
Specifications
- Color: Pink Blush
- Size: For i Pad 10.2 10.5 inch
Pros
- Wide compatibility with various i Pad models
- Easy to clean and maintain
- Convenient multi-device connection with dual Bluetooth channels
- Stylish and customizable backlit keyboard
- Effortless navigation with the smart trackpad
- Convenient Apple Pencil storage slot
- Flexible viewing angles with the detachable design
Cons
- Magnet for holding keyboard may not be strong enough
- No support for Apple Pencil charging
- Occasional freezing issues
- Lack of spot for Apple Pencil gen 1 charger
The GreenLaw Touch iPad 9th 8th 7th Generation Case with Keyboard offers a range of features that enhance your iPad experience. With its compatibility with multiple iPad models, stain-resistant cover, and multi-device connectivity, it provides convenience and versatility. The 7-color backlit keyboard and smart trackpad add style and functionality, while the detachable design allows for flexible viewing angles. Although there may be some issues with the magnet strength and lack of support for Apple Pencil charging, overall, this case offers a great combination of features and style. Whether for leisure or office use, the GreenLaw Touch iPad Case with Keyboard is a reliable and stylish choice.
Overall Score: 7.2/10
The LAVO-TECH Touchpad iPad Keyboard Case is a versatile and protective keyboard case designed specifically for iPad 9th, 8th, and 7th generation, iPad Air 3rd generation, and iPad Pro 10.5 inch. With its unique touchpad design, you can navigate and control the cursor like a laptop, enhancing your productivity. The case offers 360° full protection against scratches, bumps, and dents, making it ideal for any environment. It also features a smart auto wake & sleep function to save energy. The LAVO-TECH Touchpad iPad Keyboard Case comes with a 12-month warranty and free lifetime technical support, ensuring customer satisfaction and support. Overall, it is a reliable and functional keyboard case for iPad users.
Key Features
- Compatibility with multiple i Pad models
- Unique touchpad design for precise cursor control
- 360° full protection against scratches and bumps
- Smart auto wake & sleep function to save energy
- Platinum warranty and free lifetime technical support
Specifications
- Color: Pink
- Dimension: 10.00Lx7.50Wx0.75H
- Size: 10.2/10.5 inch
Pros
- Versatile and compatible with multiple i Pad models
- Enhanced productivity with touchpad and keyboard
- Provides full protection for the i Pad
- Energy-saving auto wake & sleep function
- Comes with a warranty and technical support
Cons
- Lack of clear instructions for initial setup
- Issues with power and pairing reported by some users
- Limited durability and longevity
The LAVO-TECH Touchpad iPad Keyboard Case is a reliable choice for iPad users who want to enhance their productivity and protect their device. It offers compatibility with multiple iPad models, a unique touchpad design for precise cursor control, and 360° full protection. The smart auto wake & sleep function helps conserve energy, while the warranty and technical support provide peace of mind. However, some users have encountered difficulties in setup and experienced power and pairing issues. Additionally, the durability of the case has been questioned by some customers. Despite these drawbacks, the LAVO-TECH Touchpad iPad Keyboard Case serves its purpose well and offers great value for the price.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
Transform your iPad into a convenient little notebook laptop style with the EVEO iPad Case With Keyboard. This iPad 9th generation case with built-in keyboard allows you to work anywhere with ease. It is compatible with the 9th, 8th, and 7th generation iPads and other tablets of the correct size. The premium synthetic leather exterior, secure magnetic closure, and durable interior plastic case provide excellent protection. The case comes with a detachable Bluetooth keyboard with adjustable backlight and useful shortcut keys. The versatile design allows for multiple viewing angles and easy removal of the keyboard. It also includes a built-in holder for the Apple Pencil and a USB charging cable. Overall, this iPad case with keyboard offers functionality and convenience for a reasonable price.
Key Features
- Compatible with i Pad Keyboard 9th Generation
- Universal i Pad & Tablet Keyboard Case
- Magnetically Detachable Bluetooth Keyboard
- Highly Versatile & Functional
- Built-in Pencil Holder
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Dimensions: 10.10Lx8.10Wx0.50H
- Size: 10.2"
Pros
- Convenient and versatile design
- Good quality and functionality
- Reasonable price
- Includes a built-in holder for Apple Pencil
Cons
- Keyboard layout could be improved
- Glue may become detached from i Pad holder
The EVEO iPad Case With Keyboard is a reliable and affordable accessory for iPad users. It offers convenience, functionality, and versatility with its detachable keyboard, multiple viewing angles, and built-in Apple Pencil holder. The case provides good protection for the iPad, although the keyboard layout could be improved. Some users have experienced issues with the glue detaching from the iPad holder. Overall, this iPad case with keyboard is a great option for those looking to enhance their productivity on the go without breaking the bank.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
The CHESONA iPad 9th Generation Case with Keyboard is a versatile and practical accessory that enhances your iPad experience. With its sleek design and multiple features, this keyboard case provides a seamless combination of protection, functionality, and style. The backlit keyboard offers 7 color options and adjustable brightness for comfortable typing in any lighting condition. The multi-touch trackpad allows for effortless navigation and control. The case is specially designed for the iPad 9th Gen and offers precise cutouts for easy access to all ports and features. It also comes with a built-in pencil holder and supports two Bluetooth channels for convenient connectivity. The detachable Bluetooth keyboard adds versatility, and the case is compatible with several iPad models. With its durable construction and user-friendly design, this CHESONA keyboard case is a must-have accessory for iPad users on the go.
Key Features
- Specially designed for i Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen 10.2 inch
- 7 color backlit keyboard with adjustable brightness
- Multi-touch trackpad for easy navigation
- Magnetically detachable wireless keyboard
- Supports up to 2 Bluetooth channels
- Built-in pencil holder
- Precise cutouts for easy access
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Dimension: 10.04Lx0.83Wx7.95H
- Size: I Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen, 10.2 inch
Pros
- Versatile and practical design
- Backlit keyboard for comfortable typing
- Multi-touch trackpad for effortless navigation
- Detachable wireless keyboard for convenience
- Built-in pencil holder for easy storage
Cons
- Issues with charging cable not included
- Palm interference with touchpad while typing
- Limited leaning angle for i Pad
The CHESONA iPad 9th Generation Case with Keyboard is an excellent accessory for iPad users who want to enhance their productivity and convenience. With its versatile design and innovative features, this keyboard case offers a seamless combination of protection, functionality, and style. The backlit keyboard and multi-touch trackpad provide a comfortable typing and navigation experience, while the built-in pencil holder adds convenience. The detachable wireless keyboard and support for multiple Bluetooth channels offer flexibility and ease of use. Although there are some minor drawbacks such as the absence of a charging cable and palm interference with the touchpad while typing, the overall performance and quality of this keyboard case make it a worthy investment. Transform your iPad into a laptop-like device with the CHESONA iPad 9th Generation Case with Keyboard.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
The iPad Keyboard Case is a versatile and functional accessory that combines a protective case with a removable keyboard. It is compatible with various iPad models, including the 9th, 8th, and 7th generation iPads, as well as the iPad Pro 10.5-inch and iPad Air 3. The keyboard features a colorful backlit design with 7 vibrant colors, making typing in the dark both fun and easy. The protective case is shockproof and includes a honeycomb grid pattern cushion for improved heat dissipation and screen protection. The magnetic closure allows for easy removal of the keyboard when not needed. The case also includes a built-in pencil holder and supports auto sleep/wake functionality. Overall, the iPad Keyboard Case provides a convenient and reliable solution for iPad users.
Key Features
- Compatibility with multiple i Pad models
- Colorful backlit keyboard with 7 vibrant colors
- Hybrid shockproof protective cover
- Multiple viewing angles and removable magnetic keyboard
- Built-in rechargeable keyboard with auto sleep/wake
- I Pad pencil holder and warranty support
Specifications
- Color: Black for 10.2/10.5 Inches
- Dimension: 11.02Lx1.18Wx7.48H
- Size: 10.2"/10.5" for i Pad 7/8/9th/Air 3/Pro 10.5
Pros
- Colorful backlit keyboard for typing in the dark
- Shockproof protective cover with improved heat dissipation
- Removable keyboard for versatility
- Built-in rechargeable keyboard with long battery life
- Convenient i Pad pencil holder
Cons
- Difficult to use with i Pad and keyboard
- Keyboard cover didn't arrive
- Can't adjust the brightness of the keyboard
- Shallow nesting circles may cause alignment issues
The iPad Keyboard Case offers a great combination of functionality and protection for iPad users. With its versatile design and colorful backlit keyboard, it enhances the productivity and convenience of using an iPad. The shockproof cover and heat dissipation feature provide added protection and durability. The removable keyboard and multiple viewing angles make it easy to switch between laptop and tablet modes. The built-in rechargeable keyboard ensures long battery life, while the iPad pencil holder adds convenience. Despite a few minor drawbacks, the iPad Keyboard Case is a reliable and stylish accessory for anyone looking to enhance their iPad experience.
Overall Score: 8/10
The CHESONA Keyboard Case is a versatile and efficient accessory that transforms your iPad into a laptop. It is designed for iPad 9th Generation (2021), 8th Gen (2020), and 7th Gen (2019) 10.2-inch models. The detachable Bluetooth keyboard with a magnetic case allows for easy switching between laptop and tablet modes. The case provides 360-degree drop protection and multiple viewing angles. It features precise cutouts for full access to all ports and a built-in Apple Pencil holder. The keyboard has a rechargeable battery for long life. While the keys may sometimes produce incorrect symbols, the overall functionality and protection of this keyboard case make it a great choice for productivity and convenience. Score: 8/10
Key Features
- Designed for i Pad 9th/8th/7th Generation 10.2-inch models
- Magnetically detachable keyboard for easy switching between laptop and tablet modes
- Multiple angles and 360-degree drop protection
- Precise cutouts for full access to all ports
- Built-in Apple Pencil holder
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Dimension: 10.24Lx7.48Wx0.99H
- Size: I Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen
Pros
- Versatile and efficient design
- Provides full protection
- Easy to switch between laptop and tablet modes
- Precise cutouts for easy access to ports
- Built-in Apple Pencil holder
Cons
- Keys may produce incorrect symbols
- Bulky design compared to Apple Smart Keyboard
- Keyboard can detach easily
- No key to bring up emojis
- Folding the case, keyboard, and i Pad is cumbersome
The CHESONA Keyboard Case is a reliable and functional accessory for iPad 9th Generation users. Despite minor drawbacks like occasional key issues and bulkiness, this case offers excellent protection and versatile functionality. Whether you need a laptop-like setup or want to use your iPad as a tablet, this keyboard case delivers. The built-in Apple Pencil holder is an added convenience for users who frequently use their stylus. Overall, this keyboard case is a worthy investment for enhancing productivity and getting the most out of your iPad. It scores 8 out of 10.
Overall Score: 8/10
The KVAGO iPad 10.2 Case with Keyboard is a versatile and functional accessory for your iPad. Compatible with the iPad 9th, 8th, and 7th generation, this case offers full protection and convenience. It features a 7-color backlit keyboard with adjustable brightness levels, allowing you to type comfortably in any lighting condition. The keyboard is detachable and can be magnetically attached to the case when not in use. The case also offers multiple viewing angles and an anti-slip design for added convenience. It has precise cutouts for easy access to all ports and features a built-in Apple Pencil holder. With a rechargeable keyboard and auto sleep/wake magnetic case, this accessory helps extend the battery life of your iPad. Overall, the KVAGO iPad 10.2 Case with Keyboard is a highly functional and stylish accessory for your iPad.
Key Features
- Compatible with i Pad 10.2 9th, 8th, and 7th generation
- 7-color backlit keyboard with adjustable brightness levels
- Magnetically attachable and detachable keyboard
- Multiple viewing angles and anti-slip design
- Built-in Apple Pencil holder
- Rechargeable keyboard with auto sleep/wake magnetic case
- Precise cutouts for easy access to all ports
Specifications
- Color: I Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen Black
- Dimension: 11.18Lx8.58Wx1.25H
- Size: I Pad 9th/8th/7th Gen
Pros
- 7-color backlit keyboard for typing in the dark
- Convenient magnetically attachable and detachable keyboard
- Multiple viewing angles and anti-slip design for comfort
- Rechargeable keyboard with long battery life
- Built-in Apple Pencil holder for easy access
Cons
- Cannot use the power button or store Apple Pencil adaptor
- May not fit perfectly and may block charger hole
- Some users received wrong color or missing accessories
The KVAGO iPad 10.2 Case with Keyboard is a practical and stylish accessory that enhances the functionality of your iPad. With its 7-color backlit keyboard, adjustable viewing angles, and built-in Apple Pencil holder, it offers convenience and versatility. The magnetically attachable and detachable keyboard provides ease of use, while the rechargeable battery ensures long-lasting performance. However, some users experienced limitations with the power button and the storage of the Apple Pencil adaptor. Despite these minor drawbacks, this case remains a great option for individuals looking to protect and enhance their iPad experience.
iPad 7th Generation Case with Keyboard: A Buyer's Guide
- Why should I consider getting a case with a keyboard for my iPad 7th generation?
- A case with a keyboard can greatly enhance the functionality of your iPad 7th generation by providing a physical keyboard for easier typing. It protects your device from scratches, drops, and spills, while also adding a touch of style. With a keyboard case, you can transform your iPad into a mini laptop, making it more convenient for work, school, or leisure activities.
- What should I look for when choosing a case with a keyboard for my iPad 7th generation?
- Compatibility: Ensure that the case is specifically designed for the iPad 7th generation, as other cases might not fit properly or have the necessary cutouts for buttons and ports.
- Keyboard Quality: Look for a case with a comfortable and responsive keyboard that has well-spaced keys and good key travel. Some keyboard cases even come with backlit keys, allowing you to type in low-light conditions.
- Protection: Consider a case that offers adequate protection for your iPad, including a durable shell and a secure closure mechanism. It should have a raised edge or bezel to safeguard the screen if the device is placed face down.
- Connectivity and Functionality: Check if the keyboard case connects to your iPad using Bluetooth or a physical connection. Additionally, examine if it offers specific function hotkeys, such as volume control, media playback, or brightness adjustment.
- Battery Life: Assess the battery life of the keyboard case to ensure it lasts long enough for your needs. Look for cases with a built-in rechargeable battery that can be conveniently charged via USB.
- Should I choose a keyboard case that allows multiple viewing angles?
- A keyboard case with multiple viewing angles can be an excellent choice, as it provides versatility in how you use your iPad. You can adjust the viewing angle according to your preference, whether you're typing, watching movies, or using it as a tablet. This feature allows for greater comfort and adaptability in various settings.
- Can I still use my iPad as a tablet with a keyboard case?
- Absolutely! A keyboard case typically has a detachable or foldable keyboard, allowing you to effortlessly switch between using it as a laptop and a tablet. When you detach the keyboard, you can comfortably hold and navigate your iPad as you would with a regular tablet. This versatility gives you the best of both worlds – the convenience of a keyboard and the freedom of a tablet.
- Are there any additional features I should consider in a keyboard case?
- Backlit Keys: Some keyboard cases have backlit keys that light up in low-light environments, making it easier to type. This feature can be particularly useful for those who work or use their iPad in dimly lit areas.
- Smart Connector: If your iPad 7th generation supports it, consider a keyboard case that connects using the Smart Connector. This provides a seamless connection without the need for Bluetooth pairing or charging the keyboard separately.
- Pencil Holder: If you use an Apple Pencil, look for a keyboard case that includes a built-in pencil holder. This provides a convenient and secure place to store your pencil when not in use, ensuring it is always within reach.
Frequently Asked Questions about 10 Best iPad 7Th Generation Case With Keyboard for 2023
Yes, most keyboard cases allow you to charge your iPad while it is connected, either through a pass-through charging port or by detaching the iPad from the case.
In most cases, the keyboard is powered by a rechargeable battery that comes with the case. However, some keyboard cases may require separate batteries or use your iPad’s battery for power.
While a keyboard case adds some weight and thickness to your iPad, manufacturers strive to keep it as slim and lightweight as possible. The added convenience and protection they provide often outweigh the minimal increase in size and weight.
Yes, a well-designed keyboard case will have precise cutouts to allow easy access to all the ports, buttons, and features of your iPad 7th generation. Ensure the case you choose provides full functionality without any hindrance.
Keyboard cases are specific to each iPad model due to variations in size, button placement, and port positions. Therefore, ensure you choose a keyboard case that is designed specifically for the iPad 7th generation to ensure a perfect fit and optimal functionality.