Introducing 13 Amazing Viper RAM For 2023! If you're in search of top-notch RAM options for your computer, look no further. The Viper brand has always been synonymous with high-performance and reliability, and their latest collection for 2023 is no exception. With cutting-edge features, lightning-fast speeds, and exceptional durability, these RAM modules are designed to enhance your computing experience like never before. Whether you're a gamer, creative professional, or simply someone who demands the best, the 13 Amazing Viper RAM options for 2023 are sure to deliver unmatched performance and efficiency.
Overall Score: 8.5/10
Upgrade your computer's performance with the Patriot Viper Elite II DDR4 RAM. This 16GB (2 x 8GB) kit provides fast performance and reliability on both Intel and AMD platforms. With a tested compatibility across the latest processors, you can be confident in its performance. The non-ECC unbuffered DIMM format ensures easy installation and enhances your system's overall speed. Whether you're a heavy RAM user or a casual gamer, this kit offers great value for the price. The red color and sleek design add a stylish touch to your computer setup. Get the Patriot Viper Elite II DDR4 RAM and experience improved performance for your daily tasks.
Key Features
- Tested compatibility with latest Intel and AMD platforms
- NON-ECC Unbuffered DIMM format
- Reliably fast performance
- Stylish red color
Specifications
- Color: Red
- Dimension: 8.66Lx3.15Wx1.18H
- Size: Capacity: 16GB (2 x 8GB) 3200MHz Kit
Pros
- Great value for the price
- Reliable performance on various platforms
- Easy installation
- Stylish design
Cons
- Plastic falls off after some use
- Possible compatibility issues with certain motherboards
The Patriot Viper Elite II DDR4 RAM offers excellent performance and value for the price. It has been tested for compatibility with the latest Intel and AMD platforms, ensuring reliable and fast performance. The non-ECC unbuffered DIMM format makes installation a breeze, and the sleek red design adds a touch of style to your computer setup. While there may be some possible compatibility issues with certain motherboards, overall, this RAM kit delivers on its promise of enhanced performance. Whether you’re a heavy RAM user or a casual gamer, the Patriot Viper Elite II DDR4 RAM is a solid choice to improve your computer’s speed and responsiveness.
Overall Score: 8/10
Upgrade your vehicle's safety with the Rear View Backup Camera Safety Parking Assist Camera. This camera is compatible with select Dodge, Ram, and Chrysler models and provides a clear and high-resolution view. Simply plug and play, and it connects to the existing OEM video harness. The camera also comes with a friendly note to ensure compatibility with your vehicle's part number. With positive customer reviews, this camera offers great value for its price.
Key Features
- Part Number: 56038978AL, 56038978 68274731, 68274731AD, 56038978AL
- Compatible with 2013-2017 Dodge Ram 1500/ 2500/ 3500
- Compatible with 2013-2015 Dodge Viper
- Compatible with 2015 Chrysler 200
- Resolution: 600 TV Lines
- Plug and play installation
- Connects to existing OEM video harness
Specifications
- Color: 56038978AL
- Dimension: 2.00Lx1.00Wx2.00H
- Size: 13-15 Dodge Viper/Ram/Chrysler 200
Pros
- Clear and high-resolution picture quality
- Easy installation with plug and play compatibility
- Affordable price compared to OEM alternatives
Cons
- Misaligned bending lines on the screen
- Camera angle is too low
- Backup lines are not accurate
The Rear View Backup Camera Safety Parking Assist Camera is a great option for those looking to upgrade their vehicle’s safety features. It offers clear and high-resolution picture quality, easy installation, and an affordable price. While it may have some minor drawbacks such as misaligned screen lines and inaccurate backup lines, the overall performance and value make it a reliable choice. Whether you’re replacing a faulty camera or adding one to your vehicle for the first time, this camera provides a significant improvement in visibility and convenience while reversing. Stay safe on the road with this reliable backup camera.
Overall Score: 6.5/10
The Left Main and Main Air Door Actuator HVAC Heater Blend Door Levers Replacement is a reliable product suitable for Dodge Durango, Stratus, Viper, Ram 1500, 2500, 3500, Aspen, Sebring, and SRT models. It is a high-quality replacement for the original actuator, ensuring perfect fitment and performance. With OE numbers 4885206AA, 4885206AB, 5019631AA, and 604002, it is designed to meet or exceed OEM specifications. This actuator allows for easy installation and provides good value. However, some users have experienced issues with fitment, particularly with older coupler designs. It is important to ensure compatibility before purchasing. Overall, the Left Main and Main Air Door Actuator HVAC Heater Blend Door Levers Replacement is a reliable option for those in need of a replacement actuator.
Key Features
- Replacement for various Dodge and Chrysler models
- Perfect fitment and performance
- OE numbers: 4885206AA, 4885206AB, 5019631AA, 604002
- Easy installation
- Good value
Specifications
- N/A
Pros
- Perfect fit and OEM style
- Easy to install
- Good value for the price
Cons
- Some fitment issues reported with older coupler designs
The Left Main and Main Air Door Actuator HVAC Heater Blend Door Levers Replacement is a reliable option for replacing your existing actuator in compatible Dodge and Chrysler models. It offers a perfect fit, OEM style, and ease of installation. While there have been some fitment issues reported, particularly with older coupler designs, it remains a good value for the price. Ensure compatibility before purchasing to avoid any potential issues. Overall, this replacement actuator provides a cost-effective solution for maintaining the functionality of your HVAC system.
Overall Score: 9/10
If you own a 1997 – 2006 Dodge Viper or a 2004 – 2006 Dodge Ram 1500, the Dodge Viper & Ram 1500 8.0L Engine Oil Filter Mopar OEM is the perfect product to keep your engine running smoothly. These genuine Mopar OEM parts are built with the highest quality standards, ensuring optimal performance and compatibility with your vehicle. The oil filter, part number 5037836AB, is specifically designed for the mentioned models and will efficiently remove impurities from the engine oil, prolonging the life of your engine. With timely delivery and verified compatibility, this oil filter is a reliable choice for any Dodge Viper or Ram 1500 owner.
Key Features
- Genuine Mopar OEM Parts!
- Fits 1997 – 2006 Dodge Viper & 2004 – 2006 Dodge Ram 1500
- Part number: 5037836AB
Specifications
- N/A
Pros
- Genuine OEM parts ensure high quality and compatibility
- Specifically designed for Dodge Viper and Ram 1500
- Timely delivery and correct filter for the specified vehicles
Cons
The Dodge Viper & Ram 1500 8.0L Engine Oil Filter Mopar OEM is a top-quality product for Dodge Viper and Ram 1500 owners. With genuine Mopar OEM parts, it guarantees compatibility and high performance. The specifically designed oil filter effectively removes impurities, ensuring the engine’s longevity. Customers appreciate the timely delivery and correct fitment of this product. Overall, with a 4.9/5 customer rating, it is evident that this oil filter meets and exceeds expectations. If you want to provide optimal maintenance for your Dodge Viper or Ram 1500, this Mopar OEM oil filter is a reliable choice.
Overall Score: 8.9/10
Upgrade your vehicle with the Chrysler 200 Dodge Viper RAM 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 Rearview Backup Camera. This genuine Mopar OEM part is designed to fit specific vehicles, ensuring a perfect fit. With a clear and crisp picture quality, this replacement camera will greatly enhance your visibility while reversing. Installation is quick and easy, taking only minutes with the right tools. The improved image quality in the display adds to the overall satisfaction of this product. However, be aware that shipping might be via USPS first class mail and a T20 bit is needed for camera replacement, which may require a bit of maneuvering due to tight spaces. Overall, this OEM replacement camera offers great value and performance.
Key Features
- Genuine New Mopar OEM Parts! Made to fit the following Vehicles:
- 13-17 Dodge Viper; 2015 Only Chrysler 200; 13-17 RAM 1500;
- 13-17 RAM 2500; 13-16 RAM 3500; 13-15 RAM 4500 & RAM 5500
- Manufacturers Part #: 56038978AL
Specifications
- Dimension: 11.00Lx10.00Wx3.00H
Pros
- Worked perfectly on 2013 RAM 1500!
- Exact OEM Replacement Camera with clear picture
- Easy to install with right tools
- Great picture quality
- New part with improved image quality in display
- Very easy to install in just 10 minutes!
Cons
- Shipping via USPS first class mail
- T20 bit needed for camera replacement
- Tight space to work for installation
The Chrysler 200 Dodge Viper RAM 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 Rearview Backup Camera is a top-notch OEM replacement with clear picture quality. It is easy to install and fits multiple vehicle models, ensuring a great fit. The improved image quality in the display enhances the overall user experience. While there may be some minor inconveniences with shipping and installation, the benefits and value of this backup camera outweigh them. Whether you’re upgrading from a blurry camera or looking to improve your vehicle’s visibility, this Mopar OEM backup camera is a reliable and cost-effective choice.
Overall Score: 8/10
Upgrade your Dodge Viper or Ram truck with this Backup Camera that replaces the existing OEM video harness. With a plug and play installation, it is convenient and hassle-free. Designed for 13-17 Dodge Viper Ram 1500 2500 3500 SRT Viper models, this camera provides a clear view with a 170-degree angle and 600 TV lines resolution. It is also waterproof with an IP68 rating, ensuring durability in various weather conditions. The camera is equipped with a Japan LEN by Nidec, offering excellent illumination with a minimum light requirement of 0.1 Lux. With its sleek design, this Backup Camera is a reliable and practical addition to enhance your driving experience.
Key Features
- Plug and Play installation
- Replaces OEM video harness
- Designed for 13-17 Dodge Viper Ram 1500 2500 3500 SRT Viper
- 170-degree angle
- Waterproof with IP68 rating
- 600 TV lines resolution
- Japan LEN by Nidec for excellent illumination
- Minimum light requirement: 0.1 Lux
- Power: DC 12V
- Cable length: 15 inches
Specifications
- Dimension: 5.75Lx3.00Wx5.00H
Pros
- Easy to install with plug and play design
- Clear view with 170-degree angle
- Waterproof and durable
- Provides excellent illumination with Japan LEN by Nidec
Cons
- Requires confirmation of exact part number before purchase
The Backup Camera Replaces for 13-17 Dodge Viper Ram 1500 2500 3500 SRT Viper is a great addition for anyone looking to enhance their drive with added safety and convenience. Its plug and play installation makes it easy to upgrade your vehicle’s existing OEM video harness, and the camera provides a clear view with a wide angle and high resolution. The camera’s waterproof design and excellent illumination ensure it can withstand various weather conditions, offering reliability and durability. However, it is important to confirm the exact part number before purchase to ensure compatibility. Overall, this Backup Camera is a reliable choice for enhancing your driving experience.
Overall Score: 7/10
The ACAUTO Rear View Backup Camera is a high-quality reversing parking assist camera designed specifically for the Dodge Viper, RAM 1500 2500 3500, RAM 4500 5500, and Chrysler 200. With its clear day and night vision, this camera provides a 170° wide vision and true color reproduction for the driver. It features an original factory OE design, which allows it to perfectly fit with the vehicle and display reversing tracking lines for accurate parking. The camera is easy to install and comes with a 30-day money-back guarantee, 12-month replacement warranty, and lifetime support from ACAUTO.
Key Features
- Replace Part Number/ OE Number:56038978AL,56038978AK,56038978 68274731, 68274731AD
- Suitable for Dodge Viper, RAM 1500 2500 3500, RAM 4500 5500, and Chrysler 200
- Clear day and night vision with 170° wide vision
- Original factory OE design with reversing tracking lines
- 30-day money-back guarantee and 12-month replacement warranty
Specifications
- Color: Dodge Viper, RAM 4500 5500 & Chrysler 200
- Dimension: 3.54Lx2.36Wx1.96H
Pros
- Clear and true color reproduction
- Easy installation
- Original factory OE design
- 30-day money-back guarantee and 12-month replacement warranty
Cons
- Turning guidance may not work properly
- Guide lines are slightly off
- Camera angle may be too wide for some
The ACAUTO Rear View Backup Camera is a reliable and affordable option for those looking to enhance their vehicle’s safety while parking. The camera’s clear day and night vision, wide-angle view, and factory OE design make it a suitable choice for Dodge Viper, RAM, and Chrysler vehicles. While there may be some minor drawbacks, such as the turning guidance and guide line accuracy, overall, this camera offers good value for the price. With the added peace of mind of a money-back guarantee and replacement warranty, the ACAUTO Rear View Backup Camera is worth considering.
Overall Score: 8/10
The AUTOSAVER88 Ignition Coil is a compatible replacement for various Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Mini Cooper models. This ignition coil is designed for specialized performance applications, offering low-emissions and high energy output. It is built to meet or exceed OE specifications, ensuring consistent performance and dependability. The plug boot of the coil contains a high heat-resistant compound, enhancing the longevity of the product. It is important to monitor the condition of your spark plug for optimal performance and to avoid overworking the ignition coil. The AUTOSAVER88 Ignition Coil is easy to install, but professional installation is recommended. Please check compatibility carefully before purchasing to avoid ordering the wrong coils.
Key Features
- COMPATIBILITY: Pack of 1 ignition coil compatible with Chrysler PT Cruiser, Dodge Caravan, Dodge Neon, Dodge Viper 4 Lead, Dodge Stratus, Dodge Ram 1500/ 2500/ 3500, Jeep Liberty, Jeep Wrangler, JEEP TJ, Chrysler Sebring, Mini Cooper.
- DIRECT REPLACEMENT: Easy to install. Each coil is designed for specialized performance application, low-emissions, high energy output. The plug boot contains high heat-resistant compound to help withstand heat and enhance product longevity.
- OE STANDARD: All ignition coils are built to meet or exceed OE specifications, they are well-regarded in the industry for consistent performance and dependability.
- NOTE: Please check compatibility carefully to avoid ordering the wrong coils.
- Maintenance: To prolong ignition coil lifespan, monitor the condition of your spark plug. An aged spark plug will overload and overwork the ignition coils, so keep your spark plug in good condition. NOTE: Professional installation would be highly recommended
Specifications
- Color: Black
- Size: C1136
Pros
- Easy to install
- Designed for specialized performance
- High heat-resistant compound in plug boot
Cons
- Sensor connector tab may be short for some models
The AUTOSAVER88 Ignition Coil is a reliable and cost-effective replacement option for a range of Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Mini Cooper models. With its compatibility, easy installation, and specialized performance design, this ignition coil offers great value for money. It meets or exceeds OE specifications, ensuring consistent and dependable performance. The high heat-resistant compound in the plug boot enhances the longevity of the coil. While there may be some compatibility issues with certain models, overall, this ignition coil provides a satisfactory solution. For those looking to replace their ignition coil, the AUTOSAVER88 Ignition Coil is definitely worth considering.
Overall Score: 6/10
The Car Reversing Parking Assist Camera Replacement Part is a high-quality rear view backup camera that provides clear resolution and additional electronics protection for reliable performance. It ensures a stable signal and offers real-time images for improved visibility during reversing and parking, ultimately enhancing safety by preventing friction and bumps. The OEM design guarantees a tight connection with the original wiring harness, ensuring long-lasting stability in the installation. This camera is compatible with several models, including the Viper, Ram, and Chrysler 200. Despite its positive features, it should be noted that there have been some complaints about the camera becoming blurry after a month of use. Overall, the Car Reversing Parking Assist Camera Replacement Part is a reliable choice for upgrading your vehicle's reverse parking capabilities.
Key Features
- Premium Quality: Long service life and excellent performance
- Wide-angle lens for clear resolution and reliability in harsh conditions
- Stable signal & real-time image for clearer reversing and parking
- Connects tightly with original wiring harness for stability in installation
- Compatible with various models
Specifications
- Dimension: 0.10Lx0.10Wx0.10H
Pros
- High-quality camera
- Clear picture
- Stable installation
Cons
- Blurry after a month of use
- Slightly chippy
The Car Reversing Parking Assist Camera Replacement Part offers premium quality rear view backup camera performance, with clear resolution and added electronics protection. Its stable signal and real-time image capabilities significantly enhance safety during reversing and parking. The OEM design ensures a tight and long-lasting installation. While there have been some concerns about blurry images after prolonged use, this camera still provides a reliable solution for improving your vehicle’s reverse parking capabilities. Whether you drive a Viper, Ram, or Chrysler 200, this camera can be a valuable addition.
Overall Score: 8/10
The 2344079 234-4079 Sensor Downstream is a compatible sensor designed for use with various Dodge, Ram, Jeep, and other vehicles. It comes with a 1-year warranty and careful checking of the connector and plug is recommended for compatibility. The sensor is a direct fit with an identical plug fitting, ensuring ease of installation. Its OEM part number is 234-4079 and it is also compatible with multiple other part numbers. With positive reviews from customers, this sensor has proven to be effective and reliable. It is a cost-effective alternative to OEM sensors and is suitable for those looking to save on labor charges.
Key Features
- 1 year warranty
- Check connector and plug for compatibility
- Compatible with various OEM part numbers
Specifications
- Size: 234-4079 Oxygen Sensor
Pros
- Direct fit with identical plug fitting
- Cost-effective alternative to OEM sensors
- Positive reviews from customers
Cons
- Compatibility issues if not checked properly
The 2344079 234-4079 Sensor Downstream is a reliable and affordable option for those in need of a compatible sensor for their Dodge, Ram, Jeep, or other compatible vehicles. With positive customer reviews and a 1-year warranty, it provides assurance of its quality and performance. However, it is important to carefully check the connector and plug to ensure compatibility and avoid any issues with fitment. Overall, this sensor offers a cost-effective solution for replacing old or faulty sensors, helping users save on labor charges.
Overall Score: 8/10
The Bosch 15511 Premium OE Fitment Oxygen Sensor is a high-quality sensor that ensures long-lasting and superior performance. With innovative technology and a factory-tested design, this sensor is built to meet Bosch's rigorous standards for quality and performance. The stainless steel body is submersible and tightly sealed to protect against exhaust emissions damage, resulting in a longer sensor service life. The fast-acting heater optimizes sensor operation for optimum performance. The True Direct-fit OE connectors and harnesses make installation simple and hassle-free. Compatible with select Dodge, Ram, and Volkswagen vehicles.
Key Features
- Innovative technology
- Factory tested
- Stainless steel body
- Fast-acting heater
- Ready to install
- Compatible with select vehicles
Specifications
- Dimension: 2.20Lx1.97Wx5.83H
Pros
- Long-lasting and superior performance
- Submersible and tightly sealed body
- Fast heater for quick operating temperature
- Easy installation with OE connectors and harnesses
Cons
- Compatibility issues with certain Dodge models
- Some users experienced code throwing after installation
The Bosch 15511 Premium OE Fitment Oxygen Sensor is a reliable and high-quality sensor that offers excellent performance and durability. Its innovative technology, stainless steel body, and fast-acting heater make it a top choice for vehicle owners looking to replace their oxygen sensor. While some users have reported compatibility issues with certain Dodge models, overall, this sensor delivers on its promises and provides a hassle-free installation experience. With its long-lasting performance and protection against exhaust emissions damage, the Bosch 15511 is a worthy investment for maintaining optimum vehicle performance.
Overall Score: 8/10
The AIP Electronics Premium Ignition Coil Pack is a high-quality replacement part compatible with various Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, and Ram models. It features a watertight and weatherproof connector designed to withstand heat and thermal cycling. The coil pack has been tested to meet or exceed OE output voltage and has a high-temp exterior housing to prevent voltage leaks and RFI interference. With its OE grade primary and secondary bobbins and premium copper windings, it ensures optimal performance and extended service life. This plug and play coil pack is easy to install, making it suitable for both professional mechanics and DIY enthusiasts.
Key Features
- Watertight and weatherproof connector
- OE grade primary and secondary bobbins
- High-temp exterior housing
- Plug and play installation
Specifications
- Dimension: 7.00Lx4.00Wx6.00H
Pros
- High-quality replacement part
- Resists heat and thermal cycling
- Meets or exceeds OE output voltage
- Prevents voltage leaks and interference
- Optimal performance and extended service life
- Easy installation for professionals and DIY enthusiasts
Cons
The AIP Electronics Premium Ignition Coil Pack is a reliable and durable replacement part for various Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, and Ram models. Its advanced features, such as the watertight and weatherproof connector, high-temp exterior housing, and premium copper windings, ensure optimal performance and a long service life. The plug and play installation makes it convenient for both professionals and DIY enthusiasts. If you are looking to replace your ignition coil pack, this product is a great choice.
Overall Score: 8/10
If you're in need of an oxygen sensor replacement for your Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, Plymouth, or other compatible vehicles, look no further than Yoshi Motors. This sensor is designed for ultimate compatibility and easy installation. It functions just like the original part, thanks to its premium quality materials. Plus, if you're not completely satisfied, the customer service team is ready to assist you. Get this reliable and affordable oxygen sensor replacement from Yoshi Motors and enjoy peace of mind knowing that your vehicle is running efficiently.
Key Features
- Sensor Type: Upstream and Downstream
- Ultimate compatibility
- Easy installation
- Premium quality materials
- 100% satisfaction or your money back
Specifications
Pros
- Versatile fit for various vehicle models
- Functions like the original part
- High-quality materials ensure durability
- Satisfaction guarantee for peace of mind
Cons
Yoshi Motors Upstream Downstream Oxygen O2 Sensor Replacement is a reliable and cost-effective solution for replacing your vehicle’s oxygen sensor. With its versatile fit, easy installation, and premium quality materials, this sensor functions just like the original part. The satisfaction guarantee adds an extra level of confidence, ensuring that you won’t be disappointed. Whether you own a Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, Plymouth, or other compatible vehicle, this oxygen sensor replacement from Yoshi Motors is a must-have for maintaining your vehicle’s efficiency and performance.
Viper Ram Buyer's Guide
When it comes to upgrading your computer's performance, adding more RAM (Random Access Memory) can be a game-changer. One popular option that many tech enthusiasts turn to is the Viper RAM. With its impressive performance and reliability, Viper RAM is worth considering. To help you make an informed decision, here is a buyer's guide to Viper RAM.
Benefits of Viper RAM
When you invest in Viper RAM, you can expect a range of benefits, including:
- Increased Speed: Viper RAM is known for its high-speed performance, allowing for quick and smooth multitasking. Whether you're gaming, editing videos, or running multiple applications simultaneously, Viper RAM can handle it with ease.
- Better Efficiency: Viper RAM is designed to operate efficiently, minimizing power consumption while maximizing performance. This not only benefits your computer's overall efficiency but also helps reduce energy costs in the long run.
- Reliability: Viper RAM is known for its reliability and durability. With rigorous testing and high-quality components, Viper RAM can handle demanding tasks without compromising performance or stability.
- Overclocking Potential: If you're an enthusiast looking to push your computer's performance to the limit, Viper RAM offers great overclocking potential. With proper cooling and optimization, you can achieve even higher speeds and performance levels.
Factors to Consider
Before purchasing Viper RAM, consider the following factors to ensure it meets your specific needs:
- Compatibility: It's important to ensure that the Viper RAM you choose is compatible with your computer's motherboard. Check the RAM specifications, such as DDR type, speed, and capacity, to ensure they match your system's requirements.
- RAM Type: Viper RAM is available in various types, including DDR3 and DDR4. Make sure to choose the appropriate type based on your motherboard's compatibility and your desired performance level.
- Capacity and Speed: Assess your computing needs and determine the required RAM capacity and speed. If you primarily use your computer for basic tasks like web browsing and document editing, a lower capacity may suffice. However, intensive tasks like gaming or video editing may require higher capacity and faster speeds.
- Budget: Consider your budget and find the right balance between performance and cost. While Viper RAM offers excellent value for its performance, choose the capacity and speed that aligns with your budget and computing requirements.
- Brand Reputation: Viper RAM is manufactured by Patriot Memory, a reputable brand known for its high-quality and reliable products. Consider the brand's reputation and customer reviews to ensure you're investing in a trusted and well-regarded product.
Frequently Asked Questions about 13 Amazing Viper RAM For 2023
While it is technically possible to mix different RAM brands, it is generally recommended to use identical RAM modules for best performance and compatibility.
Overclocking Viper RAM is optional and depends on your specific needs. If you seek to maximize performance, overclocking can provide additional speed benefits, but it may also require advanced knowledge and proper cooling.
Installing Viper RAM is relatively simple. Ensure your computer is powered off, open the case, locate the RAM slots on your motherboard, align the RAM module with the slot, and gently push it in until it clicks into place.
Yes, Viper RAM modules are often compatible with existing RAM in your system. However, it is crucial to match specifications such as DDR type, speed, and capacity to avoid compatibility issues.
Yes, Viper RAM typically comes with a manufacturer’s warranty. The length and terms of the warranty may vary, so be sure to check the details provided by the manufacturer.
